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ALMA-IMF Core Working Group, June 25 2020

6/25/2020

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Connection:
https://zoom.us/j/92270792020?pwd=b1dndW96TkI4ZlNjcWIvbE5MS1lrQT09

Attendees: Fred, Alex, Roberto, Sylvain, Yohan, Sasha, fab, Nathalie, Lee, Thomas, Tapas, Ben, Adam, 
Not attending: Gemma

For memory:
Minutes from last week’s telecon
Members and their main interests


Agenda:
  1. Core identification and first CMFs papers (WG led by Fabien)
  • First-pass global CMFs, a point of clarification:
The goal of Fabien’s paper is to show the integrated CMF of all ALMA-IMF regions and possibly the 3 integrated CMFs for the young, intermediate, evolved regions imaged by ALMA-IMF. 

  • Papers dedicated to CMFs of individual (or a couple of) regions:
It is mandatory to do a more detailed and more correct work on core catalogs and CMFs for the regions that have enough cores: 
Young: G327 (84 cores), G338 (63 cores), W43-MM2 and MM3 (63 cores), 
Intermediate: G12 (82 cores), W51E (159 cores)
Old: G10 (<100 cores), G333 (<183 cores), W51-IRS2 (<98 cores)
The topic of each paper is up to the responsible team since CMF alone might not be interesting enough. Some of us proposed to present MST and mass segregation analyzes, comparisons between ALMA-IMF regions. If you need other datasets (especially lines), please ask the DR team but these papers should rather be “continuum-focused” papers.
Here are the paper projects that will develop in the coming 6 months:
  • Yohan et al.: W43-MM2&3, comparison with MM1 and discussion of mass segregation.
  • Estrella et al.: W51-E, …
  • Walker et al.: G327, …
  • PhD student with Patricio and Fumitaka (Hideaki Takemura): G338, TBC. 
  • Mélanie et al.: G12=W33, from October on.
  • Thomas et al.: G010, G333, or W49,  from October on (evolved, will need more work).
  • more?

  1. Mass estimates (WG led by Alex & Fred)
  • Alex started building up a PPMAP temperature cube for W43-MM2&3. Other fields will follow. Alex will present his first results - UPDATE: results delayed due to cluster scheduling.
  • Here are decisions taken at our last (2020/06/18) telecon:
    • use fixed beta=1.8 for first run (variable in future)
    • degrade ALMA data to 2" (was 2.5’’ for W43-MM1)
    Fabien: could the PPMAP model have a 0.5’’ beam? 
Alex: Introducing 7M data could help but artefacts will most probably appear. And computing time will increase with the number of pixels...
  • use just 12M-only for first run (maybe both 12M AND 7M images in the future)

  • Issues to be solved:
    • Need to check equinox of ALMA regions (was at 0.1E-4) → Fred in her stitched data, Yohan in data produced by the DR pipeline
    • Checking how to add data taken at the same wavelength but with different beam and filtering scale → The HPCORR subroutine of PPMAP does high-pass correct the model before synthetic observations (with beam smoothing) are created and compared to observations
    • Need beam profiles for all observations (currently missing B3 beam)
    • If people are changing flux units and projection before sending to me, then please set everything to MJy/sr and the same projection (preferably RA---TAN, DEC--TAN, easiest to use Herschel images as a reference).

  • Pending questions
    • Are the combined 12M+7M data useful? both at at 1mm and 3mm?
Fred: This was the map used for W43-MM1 (instead of 12M-only). It should be tried but I’m afraid that the large scales are very much attenuated and that you do not get more information than with the 12M-only image.
  • Do we use just 7M instead? 
Alex: Maybe. Fourier combination for data taken at comparable bands. Using astropy/FFT, better than CASA/feathering. Could be dangerous to ask PPMAP to fit both small and large-scales  
Fred: What does comparable bands mean? Inaccuracy should be estimated.
Adam: another benchmark for fourier-space combination = feathering: https://github.com/radio-astro-tools/uvcombine/blob/master/uvcombine/uvcombine.py (it is exactly the same thing Alex described; it includes tools for converting units and regridding)
Lee: Test of clean on the MM2 field, with and without self-calibration. Strange behavior suggesting that small scales are missing… TBC later!
  • Add 0-point correction 
For Herschel maps: SPIRE in the header, PACS offset to be given to Alex
For ATLASGAL: Timea could provide the ATLASGAL with Planck offset but current data could be more sensitive, TBC
For SABOCA, using Herschel + Planck is OK
ALMA 1mm and 3mm will most probably remain filtered (MUSTANG? BOLOCAM? TolTec? NIKA2?)


  • Alex will explain us what are the necessary data sets:
8 bands
  • ALMA 12M-only cleanest images at 1mm (B6) and 3mm (B3)
  • Herschel 70, 160, 250, 500 micron images. The 350 micron image is only used to add a background to the SABOCA map.
  • LABOCA 870 micron images
  • SABOCA and/or Artemis 350 micron images
    Other useful data if they exist
  • NOEMA 1mm-3mm images?
  • MAMBO 1mm and/or BOLOCAM 1mm images?

  • Free-free contamination level could be estimated from H41a images. Roberto?

  1. Core extraction strategy
Here is just a summary of what we discussed last week. further comments? or suggestions?
  • Our current agreement for young and intermediate protoclusters
    • use Band 6 (1mm) and Band 3 (3mm) 12M-only images for detection (for getsf: simultaneous detection without asking for 2 detections)
    • use Best Sensitivity = BSENS for detection and measurement (not used for hot cores): B6_BSENS and B3_BSENS
    • use Cleanest for measurement only: B6_CLEANEST and B3_CLEANEST

  • Our current agreement for evolved protoclusters
    • only use the Band 6 (1mm) Best Sensitivity = BSENS 12M-only image for detection and measurement: B6_BSENS
    • use B3_BSENS, B3_CLEANEST, and  B6_CLEANEST 12M-only for measurement only
A proposition from Roberto last week made us think… 
Sasha and Sylvain agree that we should use the Non-pbcorr image for detection to avoid the effect of variable noise and work on a flattened image. We then could use the pbcorr image for measurement or, even simpler, multiply the measured fluxes in the Non-pbcorr image by the PrimaryBeam image itself.
The MnGSeg segmentation process produces a noise image (Gaussian part of the structure at the small scales) could give a good estimate of the noise in the map. Sylvain and Sasha could contact Jeff for that if it helps the extraction method.

Here are preliminary results of tests. We need volunteers to make others:
  • TESTS AT THE DETECTION STEP. Other images could be used hoping to enlarge the core sample and/or get better flux measurements:
    • the coherent component (using MnGSeg) of the B6_CLEANEST image could replace the B6_CLEANEST. Results from Yohan on W43-MM2&3:

  • the 7M+12M B6_BSENS image could replace the 12M-only B6_BSENS image. Who could compare catalogs? of which region?

  • TESTS AT THE MEASUREMENT STEP. Other images could be used to help us post-select real cores and improve their flux measurement:
    • the proxy of the free-free emission map at 3 (and 1?) mm (using H41a images) could provide an estimate of the compact free-free emission measured toward cores. 
Does it help for evolved regions? or is it more efficient to measure 1mm/3mm flux ratios. Who could investigate an evolved region?
At minimum, these images will be use as masks for intermediate regions.

  • in fine the “pure-continuum” image (with Jordan’s method or STATCONT) will provide a better estimate of the continuum emission. Deep cleaning of line cubes will take time… Who could help Nathalie?

  • Others?


  • Questions: 
  • What do we do about 3mm-only cores? (largest images, 3mm emissivity less well constrained, free-free emission, ??% more sources in W43-MM2&3)
  • What matching criteria do we use between bands? and between various extraction catalogs?
  • Does it make sense to publish several catalogs? or median size and flux estimates? The Core extraction WG will investigate this issue but you could give your opinion here:
Note from Sasha: It is not the best idea to average measured quantities between the catalogs from different codes. This would decrease their accuracy, if one of the codes does measurements more accurately than the other. The question about measurement accuracy can only be answered by running the same benchmark by both codes and by
comparing the measured values with the truth table.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  • Who would like to start investigating thermometers like CH3OH, CH3CN, CH3CCH lines? Timea will start on G328. Someone else? Nathalie has begun with W43-MM1 and can go on with W43-MM2&3.
This information cannot be used for the 1st mass estimates we’ll make but we can expect publishing  more corrected core temperature and thus mass measurements in the future.

  • Who could join Brian to help him get ready to ask for more ammonia data? Gemma? others?
Gemma: Yes, I can help with the ammonia data


  •  Some ideas to constrain kappa? Someone interested? 1mm/3mm ratios are sometimes strange, maybe due to hot-core emission… To be investigated

  • Fred could present the proxy she proposes for the protostellar luminosity, using the line contamination from COMs.

  1. Foreseen papers on “Cores”
Survey papers:
  • First-pass global CMF: (Fabien et al.). 
  • Search for prestellar cores: 2 or 3 papers (Sylvain, Timea et al.; Patricio, Ben et al.; maybe Thomas et al. for W43)
    1.  Sylvain & Timea: The idea to detect/reject outflow in a systematic way (before a complete and detailed analysis of CO outflows) for all detected cores to produce a consortium validated list of pre-stellar core and with a clear focus on the one we can be sure they are indeed massive. This would also support follow-ups any other group in the consortium could be interested in. 
    2. Patricio & Ben: ...
    3. Thomas et al. (in prep.) has already done the careful analysis on W43-MM1 (cycle 2 data). Could be extended to W43-MM2...

Papers dedicated to individual (or a couple of) regions:
  • Ionizing feedback in G333.6: Roberto et al.
  • Case-study of G337.92
  • Mass segregation in ??: HongLi
  • Line survey in W51-E: Estrella et al.
  • ?: Patricio
  • others...

  1. Cores fragmentation/multiplicity (Feasibility to be discussed)
  • Isabelle and Benjamin statistically investigate the fragmentation cascade in Herschel and simulated images. The final goal is to link the multiplicity of cores and the multiplicity of YSOs (as IR detections) and correct CMFs.
  • It requires emission maps sensitive to a large range of scales down to the protostellar binary regime (100 AU). The fragmentation should be investigated at >4 scales separated by a factor of 2, thus over at least a decade. 
  • Questions: 
    • How to add short spacings to continuum ALMA data? Could we use NIKA2, LABOCA, Bolocam data? Shall we use PPMAP to combine them with Herschel data?
    • What high-resolution data could we use? Adam and Patricio have some.


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ALMA-IMF Core Working Group, June 18 2020

6/18/2020

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Connection:
https://ufl.zoom.us/j/96368629056?pwd=c1JmbWN6Rll0ZkNjYzJZamtXZFdmUT09

Attendees: Fred, Fabien, Alex, Yohan, Sasha, Adam, Gemma, Sylvain, Ben, Nathalie, Manuel, Hongli, Amy, Tapas, Mélanie, Antoine, Estrella, Patricio, Lee, Roberto
Not attending: Thomas

For memory:
Minutes from last week’s telecon
Members and their main interests


Agenda:
  1. Core identification and first CMFs papers (WG led by Fabien)
  • First-pass global CMFs: Core extraction process, first core catalog release, all fields (Fabien et al.). Have a look at his talk at our 2020 consortium meeting. Fabien showed the evolutionary trend observed for CMFs through time.
Many of us have concerns on publishing the CMF of evolved regions with constant temperature assumptions. We will see in the process of building this 1st paper if it is worth it. Make simulations with T variations to try to retrieve the Salpeter slope.
Adam: Tests for W51 could be done using ammonia temperatures…
Fred: The goal of Fabien’s paper is to show the integrated CMF of all ALMA-IMF regions and possibly the 3 integrated CMFs for the young, intermediate, evolved regions imaged by ALMA-IMF. It is mandatory to do a more detailed and more correct work on CMF for the regions that have enough cores. The topic of each paper is up to the responsible team since CMF alone might not be very interesting. Some of us proposed to present MST and mass segregation analyses, comparison between ALMA-IMF regions. If you need other datasets, please ask the DR team but these papers should rather be “continuum-focused” papers.

  • Papers dedicated to CMFs of individual (or a couple of) regions:
    • CMF in W43-MM2&3 (young and intermediate): Yohan et al. Have a look at his talk at our 2020 consortium meeting.
    • CMF in G12=W33 (intermediate, 82 cores): Antoine with Mélanie starting her PhD in October.
    • CMF in evolved regions? (e.g. G010, G333, W49 from Roberto's project): Thomas starting his IRyA postdoc in October.
    • G327 and G338 are the obvious regions to study CMFs (84 and 63 cores in the first extraction, larger or equal than in MM2&3 - 63 cores) since they are young/easier to analyze. 
A PhD student working with Patricio and Fumitaka could start working on the core catalog of the G338 region. 
Walker is interested to work on the CMF of G327. 
  • W51-E (159 cores) is the obvious intermediate region that should be studied. 
Gemma will work with Estrella (+Manuel and Adam) on the CMF of the W51-E region.

  • Yohan presents his Python script to investigate and compare cores’ catalogs.
Roberto: Regarding all those spurious sources in the periphery of the FOV, an easy way of not having them would be to run the identification in the image previous to PB correction. I do it like that for dendrograms. I thought the other identification algorithms do not need this because they flatten and subtract the background, but it looks like this approach could be useful there too. Of course, after the core extraction the fluxes and uncertainties would need to be scaled by the PB response at their position.
Fred: I’m not sure this will help since it is more an edge effect than a noise effect. Sasha could potentially improve on that.

  1. Mass estimates (WG led by Alex & Fred)
  • Free-free contamination level could be estimated from H41a images. Roberto?

  • Alex will soon start building up a PPMAP temperature cube for W43-MM2&3. Other fields will follow. Your field priorities: ...
Alex will explain us what are the necessary data sets:
  • ALMA 12M-only cleanest images at 1mm and 3mm
  • Herschel 5-band images
  • LABOCA 870 micron images
  • SABOCA and/or Artemis 350 micron images
    Other useful data
  • ALMA 7M-only images? at 1mm and 3mm?
  • NOEMA 1mm-3mm images?
  • MAMBO 1mm and/or BOLOUCLCAM 1mm images?
  • (a quick note, if they are of good quality, the combined 12M/7M images can be used by PPMAP. Need to discuss though)
    From 2020/06/18 telecon
    Decided to use fixed 1.8 beta for first run (variable in future?)
    Decided to use just 12m for first run (maybe 12m AND 7m bands separate for future)
    Need to check equinox of ALMA regions (was at 0.1E-4)
   

Before running W43 MM2/3 for final model:
* Need to decided following:
- Do we degrade 12m to 2"? Fred: Yes to 2.5’’
- Do we use combined 12m and 7m? Fred: In a second run yes.
- Do we use just 7m instead? Fred: To be tested...

Need beam profiles for all observations (currently missing B3 beam)

To run other regions:
Need observations from:
Herschel (all 5 bands)
SABOCA/LABOCA (or ArTeMiS instead of SABOCA)
ALMA 12 B6 and B3 (1.3mm and 3mm)*

If people are changing flux units and projection before sending to me, then please set everything to MJy/sr and the same projection (preferably RA---TAN, DEC--TAN, easiest to use Herschel images as a reference).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1. Core extraction strategy
Here is just a summary of what we discussed last week. further comments? or suggestions?
  • Our current agreement for young and intermediate protoclusters
    • use Band 6 (1mm) and Band 3 (3mm) 12M-only images for detection (for getsf: simultaneous detection without asking for 2 detections)
    • use Best Sensitivity = BSENS for detection and measurement (not used for hot cores): B6_BSENS and B3_BSENS
    • use Cleanest for measurement only: B6_CLEANEST and B3_CLEANEST

  • Our current agreement for evolved protoclusters
    • only use the Band 6 (1mm) Best Sensitivity = BSENS 12M-only image for detection and measurement: B6_BSENS
    • use B3_BSENS, B3_CLEANEST, and  B6_CLEANEST 12M-only for measurement only

Here are prelimnary results of tests. We need volunteers to make others:
  • TESTS AT THE DETECTION STEP. Other images could be used hoping to enlarge the core sample and/or get better flux measurements:
    • the coherent component (using MnGSeg) of the B6_CLEANEST image could replace the B6_CLEANEST. Results from Yohan on W43-MM2&3:

  • the 7M+12M B6_BSENS image could replace the 12M-only B6_BSENS image. Who could compare catalogs? of which region?

  • TESTS AT THE MEASUREMENT STEP. Other images could be used to help us post-select real cores and improve their flux measurement:
    • the proxy of the free-free emission map at 3 (and 1?) mm (using H41a images) could provide an estimate of the compact free-free emission measured toward cores. 
Does it help for evolved regions? or is it more efficient to measure 1mm/3mm flux ratios. Who could investigate an evolved region?
At minimum, these images will be use as masks for intermediate regions.

  • in fine the “pure-continuum” image (with Jordan’s method or STATCONT) will provide a better estimate of the continuum emission. Deep cleaning of line cubes will take time… Who could help Nathalie?

  • Others?


  • Questions: 
  • What do we do about 3mm-only cores? (largest images, 3mm emissivity less well constrained, free-free emission, ??% more sources in W43-MM2&3)
  • What matching criteria do we use between bands? and between various extraction catalogs?
  • Does it make sense to publish several catalogs? or median size and flux estimates? The Core extraction WG will investigate this issue but you could give your opinion here:
Note from Sasha: It is not the best idea to average measured quantities between the catalogs from different codes. This would decrease their accuracy, if one of the codes does measurements more accurately than the other. The question about measurement accuracy can only be answered by running the same benchmark by both codes and by
comparing the measured values with the truth table.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  • Who would like to start investigating thermometers like CH3OH, CH3CN, CH3CCH lines? Timea will start on G338. Someone else? Nathalie has begun with W43-MM1 and can go on with W43-MM2&3.
This information cannot be used for the 1st mass estimates we’ll make but we can expect publishing  more corrected core temperature and thus mass measurements in the future.

  • Who could join Brian to help him get ready to ask for more ammonia data? Gemma? others?

  •  Some ideas to constrain kappa? Someone interested? 1mm/3mm ratios are sometimes strange, maybe due to hot-core emission… To be investigated

  • Fred could present the proxy she proposes for the protostellar luminosity, using the line contamination from COMs.

  1. Foreseen papers on “Cores”
Survey papers:
  • First-pass global CMF (Fabien et al.).
  • Search for prestellar cores: 2 or 3 papers (Sylvain, Timea et al.; Patricio, Ben et al.; maybe Thomas et al. for W43)
    1.  Sylvain & Timea: The idea to detect/reject outflow in a systematic way (before a complete and detailed analysis of CO outflows) for all detected cores to produce a consortium validated list of pre-stellar core and with a clear focus on the one we can be sure they are indeed massive. This would also support follow-ups any other group in the consortium could be interested in. 
    2. Patricio & Ben: ...
    3. Thomas et al. (in prep.) has already done the careful analysis on W43-MM1 (cycle 2 data). Could be extended to W43-MM2...

Papers dedicated to individual (or a couple of) regions:
  • Ionizing feedback in G333.6: Roberto et al.
  • Case-study of G337.92
  • Mass segregation in ??: HongLi
  • Line survey in W51-E: Estrella et al.
  • ?: Patricio
  • others...

  1. Tools/data to be shared among the team
  • Yohan’s Python script to investigate and compare cores’ catalogs
  • LABOCA, SABOCA and Artemis 350 micron data for most regions
  • Other data
  • …


  1. Cores fragmentation/multiplicity (Feasibility to be discussed)
  • Isabelle and Benjamin statistically investigate the fragmentation cascade in Herschel and simulated images. The final goal is to link the multiplicity of cores and the multiplicity of YSOs (as IR detections) and correct CMFs.
  • It requires emission maps sensitive to a large range of scales down to the protostellar binary regime (100 AU). The fragmentation should be investigated at >4 scales separated by a factor of 2, thus over at least a decade. 
  • Questions: 
    • How to add short spacings to continuum ALMA data? Could we use NIKA2, LABOCA, Bolocam data? Shall we use PPMAP to combine them with Herschel data?
    • What high-resolution data could we use? Adam and Patricio have some.

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ALMA-IMF Core Working Group, June 11 2020

6/11/2020

0 Comments

 
Connection:
https://ufl.zoom.us/j/99224867876?pwd=Y1ZWMWE0QW44aGN4bDI4QmdlZTl4Zz09

Attendees: Fred, Yohan, Sasha, Alex, Adam, Gemma, Fab, Ben, Hongli, Tapas, Patricio, Roberto, Sylvain
Not attending: Antoine


Agenda:
  1. The “Core” working group
Members and their main interests
  • WG1a: Core extraction and catalog post-selection (coordinator: Fabien)
  • WG1b: Temperature and free-free used for mass estimates (coordinators: Alex & Fred + Roberto for specific free-free questions)
  • WG1c: CMF and mass segregation

  1. Core identification (WG led by Fabien)
  • First source Extraction telecon
  • Sasha will extract sources on the 15 ALMA-IMF fields with getsf. See his presentation at our 2020 consortium meeting.
  • Sylvain will extract sources on the 15 ALMA-IMF fields with GExt2D. See his presentation at our 2020 consortium meeting.
  • For first extraction results, have a look at p20 to p37 of Fabien’s talk at our 2020 consortium meeting. This could help you define paper projects dedicated to cores!
  • For a comparison of extraction results, have a look at talks by Ben and  Yohan at our 2020 consortium meeting
  • A project using Artificial Intelligence to identify cores (and possibly filaments) will be started at IPAG this autumn (Isabelle, Jeff, Estelle, Fred…) 
  • Questions: 
    • Who could run Dendrograms on the 15 fields? 
Answer from Patricio: Andres could. He should contact Fabien to organize the work.
  • What about analysis of synthetic sources injected on maps to assess completeness levels?
Answer from Fred: That’s a task we always do with getsf (see Motte+2018, all Herschel CMF work, Yohan+ in prep.) when it is necessary to discuss completeness levels (for CMF, mass segregation estimates…). The 90% completeness levels vary with the intensity of the background and the clustering of sources. Injection is done 1/ on the real background (initial image minus sources) of each analyzed image and on the complete (with real sources) initial images. Did you have something else in mind?
  • Yohan will present his Python script to investigate and compare cores’ catalogs.


  1. Core extraction strategy (the most important point to discuss today)
Simultaneous extraction or cross-matching of catalogs
Note from Sasha: It is absolutely much better to make simultaneous (multi-wavelength) 
extraction catalogs. Associating two independent catalogs for images with substantially different resolutions is a bad idea. Imagine this: a hires image shows 10 cores and a lores image only has one blob in the same place. Arbitrary association of the blob with just one source from the hires image is the worst idea. It is necessary to deblend the blob into 10 cores using the positions known from the hires image. Otherwise, the measurements will be completely wrong by a very large factor. Matching independent catalogs works only in the simplest (not realistic) case when both images resolve all cores. 
Comment from Fab: the 1mm and 3mm images have the same angular resolution.
  • By default, use Band 6 (1mm) and Band 3 (3mm) but do not ask for 2 detections: 
Best Sensitivity = BSENS for detection and measurement (not used for hot cores)
Cleanest for measurement only
Roberto said that the 3mm band should not be used for driving the detection for evolved regions...
Questions: 
  • What do we do about 3mm-only cores? (largest images, 3mm emissivity less well constrained, ??% more sources in W43-MM2&3)
  • What matching criteria do we use between bands? and between various extraction catalogs?
  • Does it make sense to publish several catalogs? or median size and flux estimates?
Note from Sasha: It is not the best idea to average measured quantities between the catalogs from different codes. This would decrease their accuracy, if one of the codes does measurements more accurately than the other. The question about measurement accuracy can only be answered by running the same benchmark by both codes and by
comparing the measured values with the truth table.
  • What would be the strategy to combine catalogs to improve reliability and uncertainty of the listed sources?
Note from Sasha: Combination of measurements from independent codes is not a good
idea. Much better to use the measurements from a code that gives better accuracy against the truth table of a benchmark and use the other measurement from the second code to assess the total uncertainties of the measured quantities.

  • Relatively-easy improvements
  • Tests on the coherent component of the W43-MM2&3 image (from MnGSeg). Sasha said that at first glance, it does not enlarge the core sample. Yohan will further investigate.
  • Timea proposes to tests the 7M+12M dataset for the accuracy of flux measurements. Patricio: flux of low-mass cores increased with dendrogram extraction. Thomas: just removed weaker sources.
Tor be checked again, at least on a few fields.
  • Test on the images corrected for free-free contamination.
Roberto: first results of free-free estimation using RL’s are here:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dxZzeDgzZRRV9oFsjNnNStI79IdXHrp0DnB7X5gvcaU/edit?usp=sharing
However, I don’t think it will get to the accuracy level of being able to run core identification algorithms in images with the free-free subtracted pixel-by-pixel. Rather, it can serve as a map to see where there is significant free-free contamination and estimate the free-free flux in selected areas.
Fabien proposes to use these images as masks (for intermediate regions).
Roberto and Adam say that VLA maps (W51, W43, G351) work better because the emission is optically thin and S/N is larger.
We must investigate if extracting free-free flux at the position of cores is more efficient than measuring 1mm/3mm flux ratios to remove the free-free emission from the thermal dust emission of cores.
Questions:
  • Does it help extracting more cores?
  • Does it help removing artefacts (interferometric artefacts, free-free emission peaks, ...)? or does it add spurious/dubious sources?

  • Longer-term improvements (depending on line cubes)
Tests on the Pure-Continuum image (from e.g. Jordan’s method) with the help of Nathalie and Yohan. Someone interested to join the effort?
Adam and Nathalie said that we need a deep clean on each channel and it is difficult and will take long.
Lee: Pure-continuum image is a dream toward hot cores like those in W43-MM2.
Question: What else?

  1. Mass estimates (new WG led by Alex & Fred)
All the aspects below will/must be further discussed in a separate telecon.
  • Roberto will write a first paper on the ionized gas of all fields. Have a look at his talk at our 2020 consortium meeting.
  • Alex will soon start building up a PPMAP temperature cube for W43-MM2&3. Other fields will follow. 
Your field priorities: ...
Necessary data are:
  • ALMA 12M-only cleanest images at 1mm and 3mm
  • Herschel 5-band images
  • LABOCA 870 micron images
  • SABOCA and/or Artemis 350 micron images
    Other useful data
  • ALMA 7M-only images? at 1mm and 3mm?
  • NOEMA 1mm-3mm images?
  • MAMBO 1mm and/or BOLOCAM 1mm images?
  • (a quick note, if they are of good quality, the combined 12M/7M images can be used by PPMAP. Need to discuss though)
  • Who would like to start investigating thermometers like CH3OH, CH3CN, CH3CCH lines? Timea will start on G338. Someone else? Nathalie has begun with W43-MM1 and can go on with W43-MM2&3.
This information cannot be used for the 1st mass estimates we’ll make but we can expect publishing  more corrected core temperature and thus mass measurements in the future.
  • Who could join Brian to help him get ready to ask for more ammonia data? Gemma? others?
  •  Some ideas to constrain kappa? Someone interested? 1mm/3mm ratios are sometimes strange, maybe due to hot-core emission… To be investigated
  • Fred could present the proxy she proposes for the protostellar luminosity, using the line contamination from COMs.

  1. Foreseen papers on “Cores”
Survey papers:
  • First-pass global CMF: Core extraction process, first core catalog release, all fields (Fabien et al.). Have a look at his talk at our 2020 consortium meeting.
  • Search for prestellar cores: 2 or 3 papers (Sylvain, Timea et al.; Patricio, Ben et al.; maybe Thomas et al. for W43)
    1.  Sylvain & Timea: The idea to detect/reject outflow in a systematic way (before a complete and detailed analysis of CO outflows) for all detected cores to produce a consortium validated list of pre-stellar core and with a clear focus on the one we can be sure they are indeed massive. This would also support follow-ups any other group in the consortium could be interested in. 
    2. Patricio & Ben: ...
    3. Thomas et al. (in prep.) has already done the careful analysis on W43-MM1 (cycle 2 data). Could be extended to W43-MM2...

Papers dedicated to individual (or a couple of) regions:
  • CMF in W43-MM2&3 (young and intermediate): Yohan et al. Have a look at his talk at our 2020 consortium meeting.
  • CMF in G12=W33 (intermediate): Antoine with Mélanie starting her PhD in October.
  • CMF in evolved regions? (e.g. G010, G333?, W49 from Roberto's project): Thomas starting his IRyA postdoc in October.
  • Ionizing feedback in G333.6: Roberto et al.
  • Case-study of G337.92
  • Mass segregation in ??: HongLi
  • Line survey in W51-E: Estrella et al.
  • ?: Patricio
  • others...

  1. Tools/data to be shared among the team
  • Yohan’s Python script to investigate and compare cores’ catalogs
  • LABOCA, SABOCA and Artemis 350 micron data for most regions
  • Other data
  • …


  1. Cores fragmentation/multiplicity (Feasibility to be discussed)
  • Isabelle and Benjamin statistically investigate the fragmentation cascade in Herschel and simulated images. The final goal is to link the multiplicity of cores and the multiplicity of YSOs (as IR detections) and correct CMFs.
  • It requires emission maps sensitive to a large range of scales down to the protostellar binary regime (100 AU). The fragmentation should be investigated at >4 scales separated by a factor of 2, thus over at least a decade. 
  • Questions: 
    • How to add short spacings to continuum ALMA data? Could we use NIKA2, LABOCA, Bolocam data? Shall we use PPMAP to combine them with Herschel data?
    • What high-resolution data could we use? Adam and Patricio have some.

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